Prioritizing Saudization Policy Interventions in Saudi Arabia: An Integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR Framework
Abstract
Saudi Arabia is proactively advancing its economic vision beyond traditional oil reliance, embracing diversification as a strategic national priority. Central to this transformation is the Saudization program, designed to empower Saudi nationals through increased workforce participation. This study introduces a novel hybrid FAHP-FVIKOR methodology to comprehensively evaluate revitalization strategies for the program. Our analysis identifies Youth Mobilization as the foremost policy approach, demonstrating exceptional potential to cultivate professional engagement among Saudi youth and strengthen national talent development. Recognized for its practical sustainability and synergistic integration with complementary initiatives, this policy fosters a dynamic framework for enhancing Saudization outcomes. By prioritizing youth empowerment and workforce activation, the policy significantly advances both Saudization objectives and the Kingdom's broader economic diversification goals. This research contributes pioneering insights into effective policy integration for sustainable economic development, employing advanced fuzzy MCDM techniques to support Saudi Arabia's forward-looking transformation.
References
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S. A. Shaikh, M. Memon and K.-S. Kim, "A multi-criteria decision-making approach for ideal business location identification," Applied sciences, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 4983, 2021.
Y. B. Gopisetty and H. R. Sama, "An integrated MCDM approach using double normalization: introducing the DN-WENSLO and DN-RPEM methods for socio-economic performance evaluation," Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-27, 2025.
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Y. Wang, L. Xu and Y. A. Solangi, "Strategic renewable energy resources selection for Pakistan: Based on SWOT-Fuzzy AHP approach," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 52, no. 1, p. 101861, 2020.
M. Mathew, R. K. Chakrabortty and M. J. Ryan, "A novel approach integrating AHP and TOPSIS under spherical fuzzy sets for advanced manufacturing system selection," Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 103988, 2020.
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S. Shahab, J. P. Clinch and E. O’Neill, "Impact-based planning evaluation: Advancing normative criteria for policy analysis," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 534-550, 2019.
I. Etxano and U. Villalba-Eguiluz, "Twenty-five years of social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) in the search for sustainability: Analysis of case studies," Ecological Economics, vol. 188, no. 1, p. 107131, 2021.
S. Shahab, J. P. Clinch and E. O’Neill, "Impact-based planning evaluation: Advancing normative criteria for policy analysis," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 534-550, 2019.
M. B. Menezes, S. Kim and R. Huang, "Return-on-investment (ROI) criteria for network design," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 245, no. 1, pp. 100-108, 2015.
M. Z. Naghadehi, R. Mikaeil and M. Ataei, "The application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach to selection of optimum underground mining method for Jajarm Bauxite Mine, Iran," Expert systems with applications, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 8218-8226, 2009.
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S. Opricovic and G.-H. Tzeng, "Extended VIKOR method in comparison with outranking methods," European journal of operational research, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 514-529, 2007.
R. Chakrabarti, N. Gorton and M. F. Lovenheim, State investment in higher education: Effects on human capital formation, student debt, and long-term financial outcomes of students, 1 ed., Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020.
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A. Anthonisz and G. Mason, "Reinventing tourism: the Dubai phenomenon," Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 279-286, 2019.
C. Beaupre, "Domestic Workers in the Arabian Gulf: Precarity, reality, and resistance," Migration, Mobility, & Displacement, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 25-42, 2023.
N. Alshanbri, M. Khalfan and T. Maqsood, "Nitaqat program in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering, vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 357-366, 2014.
F. De Bel-Air, "The Socio-political Background and Stakes of ‘Saudizing’the Workforce in Saudi arabia: the Nitaqat policy," Gulf Labour Markets and Migration, Jeddah, 2015.
Y. A. Amran, Y. M. Amran, R. Alyousef and H. Alabduljabbar, "Renewable and sustainable energy production in Saudi Arabia according to Saudi Vision 2030; Current status and future prospects," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 247, no. 1, p. 119602, 2020.
H. Esmail, "Economic growth of Saudi Arabia between present and future according to 2030 vision," Asian Social Science, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1-10, 2018.
A. Allmnakrah and C. Evers, "The need for a fundamental shift in the Saudi education system: Implementing the Saudi Arabian economic vision 2030," Research in Education, vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 22-40, 2020.
A. Baqadir, F. Patrick and G. Burns, "Addressing the skills gap in Saudi Arabia: does vocational education address the needs of private sector employers?," Journal of Vocational Education & Training, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 551-561, 2011.
A. Al-Asfour and S. A. Khan, "Workforce localization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Issues and challenges," Human Resource Development International, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 243-253, 2014.
A. Alanezi, T. K. Darwish, S. Singh and A. Miroux, "Substituting expats with locals: TNCs and the indigenization policies of Saudi Arabia," Transnational Corporations Journal, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2020.
H. M. Alsheikh, "Current progress in the nationalisation programmes in Saudi Arabia," Gulf Labour Markets and Migration, Jeddah, 2015.
Arab Local, "Arab Local," 05 July 2024. [Online]. Available: https://arablocal.com/news/junesees-16500-saudis-enter-the-labor-market-for-the-first-time?utm. [Accessed 25 June 2025].
R. O. Koyame-Marsh, "Saudization and the Nitaqat programs: overview and performance," Journal of Accounting, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 36-48, 2016.
L. A. Zadeh, "FUZZY SETS," Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Logic, and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 394-432, 1996.
T. L. Saaty, "How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 9-26, 1990.
S. Opricovic and G.-H. Tzeng, "Extended VIKOR method in comparison with outranking methods," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 514-529, 2007.
A. N. Kouchi, M. Z. Nezhad and P. Kiani, "A study of the relationship between the growth in the number of Hajj pilgrims and economic growth in Saudi Arabia," Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 103-107, 2018.
M. Alabdullatif, "Americans in Arabia: American Geologists and Workers in Saudi Arabia during the 1930s and the 1940s," International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Studies, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 86-99, 2015.
I. H. Anderson, Aramco, the United States, and Saudi Arabia: A study of the dynamics of foreign oil policy, 1933-1950., 1 ed., New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
A. Alharbi, "Economic effects of low oil prices in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Information Technology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 195-200, 2021.
H. F. Sindi, A. Ul-Haq, M. S. Hassan, A. Iqbal and M. Jalal, "Penetration of electric vehicles in Gulf region and its influence on energy and economy," IEEE Access, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 8941289431, 2021.
R. Al-Khraif, A. Abdul Salam and M. F. Abdul Rashid, "Family demographic transition in Saudi Arabia: emerging issues and concerns," Sage Open, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 2158244020914556, 2020.
H. Amin and L. Cochrane, "The development of the education system in Qatar: assessing the intended and unintended impacts of privatization policy shifts," British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1091-1111, 2024.
A. S. Al-Dosary and S. M. Rahman, "Saudization (localization)–a critical review," Human Resource Development International, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 495-502, 2005.
A. Binobaid and A. Leber, "Unemployed and Unaware?," Labor and Politics in the Middle East and North Africa, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 39-44, 2022.
B. Balila, "The Impact of Minimum Wage Law on Employment in Saudi Arabia: An Economic and Legal Analysis," King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 2023.
T. N. Khan and R. Sultana, "Barriers and challenges of Saudiasation: an integrative model," Middle East Journal of Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 185-202, 2017.
M. S. Fakeeh, "Saudization as a solution for unemployment: The case of Jeddah western region," University of Glasgow, Glasgow, 2009.
S. Nataraj, H. J. Shatz, L. Constant, M. Sargent, S. McKenna, Y. Abdelfatah, E. Nekoul and N. Vest, "A targeted industry approach for raising quality private-sector employment in Saudi Arabia," RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, 2021.
M. Al-Asmari, "Saudi labor force: Challenges and ambitions," JKAU: Arts & Humanities, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 19-59, 2008.
A. Diwan and A. Lal, "Social Justice Programs in Higher Education: Affirmative Action in the USA and Reservation System in India," Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1253-1276, 2020.
A. Lee, "Does affirmative action work? Evaluating India’s quota system," Comparative Political Studies, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 1534-1564, 2021.
S. A. Shaikh, M. Memon and K.-S. Kim, "A multi-criteria decision-making approach for ideal business location identification," Applied sciences, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 4983, 2021.
Y. B. Gopisetty and H. R. Sama, "An integrated MCDM approach using double normalization: introducing the DN-WENSLO and DN-RPEM methods for socio-economic performance evaluation," Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-27, 2025.
G. S. Mahendra and I. G. Hendrayana, "Consequences of Misclassification in Data Categorization for Tourism Attraction Recommendation DSS Using ARAS," TIERS Information Technology Journal , vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 52-64, 2024.
Y. Wang, L. Xu and Y. A. Solangi, "Strategic renewable energy resources selection for Pakistan: Based on SWOT-Fuzzy AHP approach," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 52, no. 1, p. 101861, 2020.
M. Mathew, R. K. Chakrabortty and M. J. Ryan, "A novel approach integrating AHP and TOPSIS under spherical fuzzy sets for advanced manufacturing system selection," Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 96, no. 1, p. 103988, 2020.
I. Canco, D. Kruja and T. Iancu, "AHP, a reliable method for quality decision making: A case study in business," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 24, p. 13932, 2021.
A. U. Khan and Y. Ali, "Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and analytic network process methods and their applications: a twenty year review from 2000-2019," International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 369-459, 2020.
D. Das, A. Datta, P. Kumar, Y. Kazancoglu and M. Ram, "Building supply chain resilience in the era of COVID-19: An AHP-DEMATEL approach," Operations Management Research , vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 249-267, 2022.
A. Kumar, A. A and H. Gupta, "Evaluating green performance of the airports using hybrid BWM and VIKOR methodology," Tourism Management, vol. 76, no. 1, p. 103941, 2020.
Y. Ali, H. Pervez and J. Khan, "Selection of the Most Feasible Wastewater Treatment Technology in Pakistan Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)," Water Conservation Science and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 199–213, 2020.
B. F. Yildrim and S. K. Yildrim, "Evaluating the satisfaction level of citizens in municipality services by using picture fuzzy VIKOR method: 2014-2019 period analysis," Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 50-66, 2022.
Y. Ali, Z. A. Shah and A. U. Khan, "Post-terrorism image recovery of tourist destination: A qualitative approach using Fuzzy-VIKOR," Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 129-153, 2018.
A. U. Khan and Y. Ali, "Sustainable supplier selection for the cold supply chain (CSC) in the context of a developing country," Environment, development and sustainability , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-30, 2021.
G. Bakioglu and A. O. Atahan, "AHP integrated TOPSIS and VIKOR methods with Pythagorean fuzzy sets to prioritize risks in self-driving vehicles," Applied Soft Computing, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 106948, 2021.
A. H. K. Babar and Y. Ali, "Framework construction for augmentation of resilience in critical infrastructure: Developing countries a case in point," Technology in Society, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 101809, 2021.
C.-N. Wang, N.-A.-T. Niguyen, T.-T. Dang and C.-M. Lu, "A compromised decision-making approach to third-party logistics selection in sustainable supply chain using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR methods," Mathematics, vol. 9, no. 8, p. 886, 2021.
A. R. S. C. Rodriguez and P. V. D. Oliveira, "An extension of systematic layout planning by using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR methods: a case study," European Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-30, 2022.
S. Kumari, K. Ahmad, Z. A. Khan and S. Ahmad, "Analysing the failure modes of water treatment plant using FMEA based on fuzzy AHP and fuzzy VIKOR methods," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2025.
S. Shahab, J. P. Clinch and E. O’Neill, "Impact-based planning evaluation: Advancing normative criteria for policy analysis," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 534-550, 2019.
I. Etxano and U. Villalba-Eguiluz, "Twenty-five years of social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) in the search for sustainability: Analysis of case studies," Ecological Economics, vol. 188, no. 1, p. 107131, 2021.
S. Shahab, J. P. Clinch and E. O’Neill, "Impact-based planning evaluation: Advancing normative criteria for policy analysis," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 534-550, 2019.
M. B. Menezes, S. Kim and R. Huang, "Return-on-investment (ROI) criteria for network design," European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 245, no. 1, pp. 100-108, 2015.
M. Z. Naghadehi, R. Mikaeil and M. Ataei, "The application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach to selection of optimum underground mining method for Jajarm Bauxite Mine, Iran," Expert systems with applications, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 8218-8226, 2009.
M. I. Ali, R. Ahmed, S. Anzak and S. Mufti, "Identifying Critical Success Factors of HEC Scholarship Projects A Qualitative Study," IBT Journal of Business Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 124, 2020.
A. C. Awogbenle and K. C. Iwuamadi, "Youth unemployment: Entrepreneurship development programme as an intervention mechanism," African journal of business management, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 831, 2010.
S. Opricovic and G.-H. Tzeng, "Extended VIKOR method in comparison with outranking methods," European journal of operational research, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 514-529, 2007.
R. Chakrabarti, N. Gorton and M. F. Lovenheim, State investment in higher education: Effects on human capital formation, student debt, and long-term financial outcomes of students, 1 ed., Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020.
M. Alkubaidi and N. Alzhrani, "“We Are Back”: Reverse Culture Shock Among Saudi Scholars After Doctoral Study Abroad," SAGE Open, vol. 10, no. 4, p. 2158244020970555, 2020.
S. Hertog, "Reforming labour market and migration regulation in Gulf states," LSE Business Review, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-3, 2022.
Published
2025-07-16
How to Cite
ALI, Yousaf.
Prioritizing Saudization Policy Interventions in Saudi Arabia: An Integrated Fuzzy AHP-VIKOR Framework.
Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research, [S.l.], july 2025.
ISSN 2334-6043.
Available at: <https://yujor.fon.bg.ac.rs/index.php/yujor/article/view/1352>. Date accessed: 19 july 2025.
doi: https://doi.org/10.2298/YJOR250515028A.
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Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
